Against the backdrop of a tightened economic blockade that has squeezed Cuba’s fuel supplies to critical levels, a homegrown technological breakthrough developed by local petroleum researchers is offering new momentum for the island nation to capitalize on its own natural resources and advance toward long-term energy sovereignty.
The innovation, crafted by a team of scientists at Cuba’s Center for Petroleum Research (Ceinpet), centers on a thermal conversion process tailored to address the unique challenges posed by the country’s most abundant crude oil resource: heavy crude extracted from northern Cuban oil fields. To break down the impact of this new development, Cuban state newspaper *Granma* sat down for an exclusive interview with Rafael López Cordero, senior researcher and management advisor at Ceinpet, who walked through the process, its potential benefits, and its roadmap for scaling.
López Cordero explained that Cuba produces a range of crude oil grades, from light to extra-heavy, but more than 70% of the country’s domestic output comes from northern deposits of heavy crude. This variant is defined by extremely high concentrations of asphaltene compounds, which create the crude’s signature high density and viscosity, paired with elevated sulfur levels. This chemical makeup creates cascading challenges across every stage of the oil supply chain, from initial extraction all the way to refining and end use.
“These asphaltenes complicate not just refining, but also transportation, pumping, and even extraction,” López Cordero noted. When heavy crude is pulled from wells, it arrives mixed with water, requiring specialized surfactants to separate the emulsions and recover usable crude. Its extreme viscosity also makes it impossible to pump through existing pipeline infrastructure without first diluting it with solvent products to lower its thickness. Currently, these solvents come from two sources: a portion of distillate fractions produced by the Sergio Soto Refinery in Cabaiguán, which processes domestic crude, and heavy naphtha generated from processing imported crude oil – a feedstock that could otherwise be used to produce gasoline for domestic consumption.
This is where the new thermal conversion process delivers transformative change. López Cordero was careful to clarify that thermal conversion is an upgrading process, not a full refining step. While refining produces finished fuel products that meet market quality standards – from liquefied petroleum gas and gasoline to jet fuel, diesel, and asphalt – thermal conversion targets the physical properties of heavy crude to make it far more usable and valuable.
By reducing the crude’s viscosity enough to eliminate the need for solvent dilution, the process frees up all the naphtha previously used for this purpose to be redirected toward gasoline production, directly boosting the country’s available fuel supply. It also delivers secondary benefits: a modest reduction in sulfur content cuts the fuel’s environmental impact, and the upgraded crude’s improved combustion properties reduce wear on power plant equipment, extending their operational lifespans and cutting maintenance resource needs.
In its current non-catalytic form, the process upgrades crude for more efficient transportation and combustion without directly producing finished fuel derivatives that meet all national quality standards, but its operational benefits are already significant. The technology is now in the pilot scaling phase at the Sergio Soto Refinery, a location selected for its unique advantages for testing.
“Sergio Soto already processes domestic heavy crude, has all the auxiliary infrastructure we need – steam, treated water, power – and a trained staff with years of experience handling heavy crude,” López Cordero said. “We don’t have to build from scratch; we can integrate our pilot plant into the existing operational system, and the crude is already stored on site, so no extra transportation is required.”
Contrary to common misconception, the pilot plant is not intended for mass commercial production of upgraded crude. Its core mission is to collect critical engineering data: researchers will test different temperature ranges, crude emulsion injection rates, and other operational variables to map how these factors impact final product quality. Once these core parameters are finalized, the team will design modular, scalable units that can be deployed directly at wellheads across northern oil fields, bringing the upgrading process directly to the source of extraction.
The research line behind thermal conversion has been underway at Ceinpet for several years, and was paused for a period due to a range of resource and operational constraints. But the intensification of the U.S. blockade, which has worsened shortages of imported solvents and naphtha, created new urgency to advance the homegrown solution, pushing the team to leverage domestic expertise and local resources to bring the project across the finishing line.
While the technology is still in early scaling and will not resolve all of Cuba’s immediate energy challenges overnight, López Cordero emphasized that it represents a meaningful, firm step forward for the country. By enabling Cuba to maximize the value of its own domestic natural resources, the breakthrough moves the nation one critical step closer to the long-held goal of full energy sovereignty.
Ceinpet has been investigating thermal conversion technology for several years, and the project’s progress amid ongoing economic pressure highlights the role of domestic scientific innovation in building resilience for the island nation.