分类: politics

  • Career Belizean Magistrate Laments High Court Appointment Process

    Career Belizean Magistrate Laments High Court Appointment Process

    Nearly a year after applications opened for vacant High Court positions in Belize, a lack of transparency surrounding the selection process has sparked fierce criticism from local legal practitioners, who argue that qualified domestic candidates are being systematically passed over in favor of foreign appointees. At the center of the controversy is former Chief Magistrate Sharon Fraser, one of the most experienced judicial figures in the country, who says she was left completely out of the loop after submitting her application for an open High Court seat.

    Fraser, a long-serving legal professional who chose to return to Belize to contribute to her home country’s judicial system instead of pursuing judicial opportunities in other Caribbean nations like Trinidad, Guyana and Barbados, told reporters she never even received a formal confirmation that her application had been received by the appointing body. It was only after the official appointment announcement was released through the Cabinet Secretariat that Fraser got a generic email notifying her her bid had been unsuccessful—with no further explanation or feedback on her candidacy.

    The Association of Defense Attorneys has echoed Fraser’s frustration, noting that more than six qualified local attorneys put their names forward for the available High Court positions, and not a single domestic applicant was selected for appointment. For the association, the pattern of rejecting local candidates raises urgent questions about the fairness and criteria of the country’s judicial appointment process.

    In a candid interview, Fraser expressed deep disappointment over the outcome, saying she made significant personal and professional sacrifices to return to Belize and serve its government and people, rather than building her career abroad. She pointed out that the only clear distinguishing factor between the appointed candidates and rejected local applicants like herself appears to be non-Belizean nationality, a gap that she says undermines the principle of local representation in the country’s judiciary.

    Fraser also criticized the Belize Bar Association for failing to adequately advocate on behalf of local applicants, saying the body did not deliver the support domestic legal professionals expected from their representative organization. To date, no official explanation has been provided for the exclusion of all local candidates, nor has the appointing body released the formal selection criteria used to evaluate applicants, leaving the local legal community without answers about what went wrong in the process.

  • No More Legal Aid Services Without Stipend Increase

    No More Legal Aid Services Without Stipend Increase

    Belize’s criminal justice system is on the brink of significant disruption starting August 1, after the country’s Association of Defense Attorneys (ADA) announced a widespread suspension of court-appointed criminal case work. The industrial action comes after years of waiting for the Belizean government to fulfill a long-standing pledge to increase outdated legal aid stipends that attorneys argue have become financially unsustainable.

    Currently, court-appointed defense attorneys receive just $2,000 Belize dollars for each assigned serious criminal case, including high-stakes murder trials. In stark contrast, the same legal representation would cost a private client a minimum of $15,000 Belize dollars — nearly eight times the current legal aid rate. Attorneys note that this gap does not even account for additional out-of-pocket expenses, such as travel to distant court districts like Toledo and overnight accommodation, which eat further into the already inadequate fixed payment.

    ADA member and practicing attorney Orson Elrington explained that the difficult decision to suspend case intake was not taken lightly, nor is it intended to block low-income defendants from access to justice. “This isn’t an attempt to cripple the judiciary or cut off justice for people who can’t afford private representation,” Elrington clarified in comments to local media. “This is about holding the government to a commitment they already made, after years of our members absorbing the personal and financial cost of representing indigent defendants.”

    Elrington added that the ADA and government had previously reached a tentative compromise to raise stipends to $7,500 Belize dollars, a middle ground that would cover basic operational costs and provide fair compensation for attorneys’ time. But that agreement has yet to be implemented, leaving defense attorneys with no other option but to take collective action.

    The announcement also raises serious concerns about the quality of representation facing defendants if the walkout proceeds. Elrington pointed out that most court-appointed serious criminal cases — as much as 95% of all murder and other indictable matters — are currently handled by experienced ADA members. If ADA members step back, courts will be forced to assign these complex cases to attorneys with little to no experience trying serious indictable offenses, let alone capital murder cases. This lack of experience, Elrington argued, puts defendants’ right to a fair trial at immediate risk, with predictable negative outcomes for unrepresented defendants.

    As of July 20, the government has not issued a formal response to the ADA’s deadline, leaving the country’s criminal justice system bracing for a shutdown of court-appointed defense work in less than two weeks.

  • Defense Scandal Exposes Secrecy Behind Public Contracts

    Defense Scandal Exposes Secrecy Behind Public Contracts

    As investigations into a major Ministry of Defense procurement scandal widen in Belize, a critical gap in governmental accountability has been thrust into the national spotlight: the intentional secrecy surrounding the true ownership of companies awarded millions in taxpayer-funded public contracts. The unfolding controversy, dubbed the “Mira Millions” scandal, has linked multiple private firms to questionable defense procurement deals, but efforts by journalists and members of the public to trace the ultimate beneficiaries of public spending have hit a deliberate wall erected by the country’s revised corporate registry system.

    A hands-on investigation by Belize-based outlet News Five confirms that even for companies at the center of the high-profile public corruption inquiry, the Belize Companies and Corporate Affairs Registry (BCCAR) only publishes bare-bones registration data online, with no access to core details including beneficial owners, company directors, or shareholder rosters. To demonstrate this lack of transparency, reporter Paul Lopez walked through a public search for RSL Group Limited, one of the companies most recently linked to the defense scandal. The BCCAR website only confirms the firm was registered as an active private company in October 2025, with zero additional ownership information available for public viewing. A parallel search for Kukulcan Company Limited, another firm connected to the broader inquiry registered in 2021, yielded the same result: only basic registration data, with no actionable insight into who actually owns or controls the business.

    When Lopez contacted a BCCAR representative to ask how members of the public can access ownership information online, the representative confirmed that no public online access is permitted. Instead, requesters must submit a formal email inquiry to the registry, which will then decide whether to release the requested information, or direct the requester to another process for access. This system stands in stark contrast to the transparency rules that existed prior to 2022, when the Belizean government merged the domestic companies registry and the international business companies registry into the unified BCCAR system.

    While the 2022 merger moved all company records to an online platform, it also stripped public and media access to critical corporate ownership data. Journalists across Belize raised urgent red flags about the policy change immediately after it was implemented. Krem News Director Marisol Amaya, one of the first critics to speak out against the reform in December 2022, explained that prior to the merger, accessing full corporate records was a simple, free process: reporters could walk into the Belmopan registry office, view full company folders for any registered business, and access complete records of directorship changes and shareholder information that is vital for holding public contractors accountable. Now, that open access no longer exists.

    Three years later, Amaya’s warnings have been validated by the ongoing defense scandal. With no official public access to ownership records, investigators, journalists and concerned citizens are forced to rely exclusively on leaked documents to piece together connections between scandal-tied public contractors and their hidden owners. Critics warn that the opaque registry system does not just fail to promote accountability for public spending – it actively undermines it, creating an environment ripe for corruption by shielding the beneficiaries of public contracts from public scrutiny. As the defense procurement investigation continues, pressure is growing on Belize’s government to reverse the 2022 policy change and restore full public access to beneficial ownership information for all companies holding public contracts.

  • ASP Stacy Smith Explains Promotion Process Following Recommendation

    ASP Stacy Smith Explains Promotion Process Following Recommendation

    In a public briefing on July 20, 2026, Assistant Superintendent Stacy Smith of the Belize Police Department opened up about the internal promotion framework that has put her name forward for elevation to the rank of Superintendent, breaking down how senior officer promotions are carried out within the force.

    The process has drawn public attention after a formal recommendation was submitted to the Security Services Commission, which holds final approval authority over the promotion. Documents sent to the commission note that Smith has already been fulfilling responsibilities above her current pay grade and earned strong marks from the Promotional Board during her assessment. However, Smith confirmed that even among the cohort of Assistant Superintendents who passed their promotional evaluations, limited open vacancies mean only a select number will advance, and her appointment remains non-final pending the commission’s formal sign-off.

    During the question-and-answer session with reporters, Smith outlined the tiered structure of police promotions that differs based on an officer’s current rank. For ranks below inspector, candidates must first complete a written promotional examination, with a current passing threshold set at 60%. Those who hit the mark then move forward to a panel interview, where their performance alongside other qualifying factors is weighed to make a final hiring decision.

    For officers at the rank of inspector and above seeking promotion, the process shifts away from mandatory written exams. Interested candidates must first submit a formal application to appear before a five-member promotional board, which includes senior police leaders, a representative from the security services sector, and a delegate from the relevant government ministry. Each board member gets the opportunity to question candidates on topics relevant to the role they are seeking to fill. After the interviews, individual scores are compiled and sent to the Office of the Police Commissioner, who reviews the assessment results alongside the candidate’s past performance appraisals and the department’s current administrative staffing needs. A final recommendation is then forwarded to the Security Services Commission for final approval.

    Smith emphasized that hitting the 60% passing mark for written exams is only one small part of the broader evaluation process. All candidates are assessed against a full set of criteria laid out in the nation’s Constitution public service regulations and the police department’s internal policy manual, with different factors carrying different weights in the final decision-making process.

    This report is a transcribed excerpt from an evening television newscast, with Kriol language dialogue standardized to written spelling per published editorial guidelines.

  • “That Is My Sister”: Ella Waight Defends New RECONDEV Chair

    “That Is My Sister”: Ella Waight Defends New RECONDEV Chair

    In a sweeping shakeup of the Reconstruction and Development Corporation (RECONDEV) ordered by the Prime Minister of Belize, long-serving board chairman Brian Mira has been ousted, with retired educator Myrna “Tibby” Waight stepping into the top leadership role. The restructuring, which saw a mix of existing directors retained and new politically aligned appointments added to the panel, has sparked immediate public and political scrutiny over the government’s decision-making process.

    Myrna Waight brings a familiar background to the role: she previously served as RECONDEV’s deputy chair, holds a seat on Belize’s National Women’s Commission, and is the daughter of Samuel Waight, a former People’s United Party (PUP) area representative for Cayo South. Widely recognized as a PUP supporter, she has been the center of questions swirling over potential political ties to the outgoing chair Mira and claims of improper political patronage in her appointment.

    Stepping forward to defend her sister against circulating speculation, National Trade Union Congress President Ella Waight has pushed back firmly against allegations of improper connections between Myrna Waight and the Mira family. In an interview with local outlet XTV, Ella clarified key personal details about Myrna, correcting misinformation that had circulated about her marital ties to the Mira family, stating: “The chair now is my sister. My sister, Myrna Waight. No, she’s not married [to any member of the Mira family]. She is a retired teacher from Belmopan… daughter of Samuel Waight.”

    When pressed to address any lingering questions about political alignment between Myrna and Mira, Ella Waight acknowledged that she could not confirm whether Myrna has ever campaigned for Mira, but confirmed her sister’s long-standing active participation in the People’s United Women, the PUP’s official women’s affiliate group. Beyond addressing personal speculation, Ella Waight also defended the government’s choice to retain some sitting board members rather than dismissing the entire panel, arguing that a full overhaul would eliminate critical institutional knowledge that keeps the agency functioning effectively. She added: “As far as I know, the board did not do anything wrong” to warrant a full purge of its membership.

    Among the directors who will retain their seats on the restructured board are Belmopan Mayor Pablo Cawich, who holds an ex officio position, as well as incumbent members Lysandra Berbey, Wilfredo Galvez and Cedric Borland. Three new political appointees will join the board to fill vacant seats: George Castro, Carla Bradley, and Michael Rudon, who currently serves as the Director of the Government Press Office.

  • Nieuwe Britse premier Andy Burnham belooft ‘nieuwe economie’

    Nieuwe Britse premier Andy Burnham belooft ‘nieuwe economie’

    On Monday, Andy Burnham officially took office as the seventh Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in just 10 years, marking another major shift in the country’s turbulent political landscape. Following his formal audience with King Charles III at Buckingham Palace, the new Labour Party leader unveiled an ambitious, if still outline-only, plan to reshape British politics and tackle the ongoing cost-of-living crisis, anchored by a 10-year strategy to build what he calls “a new economy.”

    Stepping into a role shaped by years of successive leadership turnover, Burnham openly acknowledged his government’s potentially fragile position and stressed the urgent need for a break from Britain’s recent fractured political trajectory. “We are going to change politics – it will be less about scoring points, and more about working together and finding solutions,” he stated in his first public address as prime minister. He has pledged to decentralize state power, devolve greater responsibility to local communities, and use robust government intervention to bring essential living costs back within reach for ordinary households.

    A former mayor of Greater Manchester, Burnham succeeds Keir Starmer, who stepped down after two years in office and one landslide general election victory, amid mounting internal party tensions and public criticism. Starmer delivered his farewell address on Monday, saying “My work is done. I leave with my head held high and proud of what we have achieved.”

    The handover of power followed longstanding royal protocol with the traditional “kissing hands” ceremony at Buckingham Palace, though the practice of kissing the monarch’s hand was not observed during this meeting. Burnham said he is “very conscious” of the rapid turnover of leadership at 10 Downing Street, and called on his generation of political leaders to “improve the game” and rebuild public trust in British democratic institutions.

    Burnham ran unopposed for the Labour Party leadership, securing the backing of 379 out of 403 sitting Labour members of parliament. He inherits a daunting slate of pressing challenges: a stagnant, slow-growing national economy, the persistent cost-of-living crisis that has squeezed millions of households, overstretched public services stretched to breaking point, and complex global diplomatic priorities including the ongoing wars in Ukraine and the Middle East.

    In his inaugural speech as prime minister, he also committed to ending homelessness across the United Kingdom and breaking up a political system that he argues has been marked by bad policy choices – including widespread privatization – since the 1980s.

    Critical observers are eagerly awaiting the full details of Burnham’s flagship 10-year plan, which he is set to formally present on Tuesday. Joshi Herrmann, founder of Manchester-based news platform The Mill, noted that the plan will only deliver on its promises if the government can unlock substantial, sustained economic growth.

    Beyond policy proposals, widespread attention is also focused on the composition of Burnham’s first cabinet. Major changes are expected at key top posts, including Chancellor of the Exchequer, Foreign Secretary, and Home Secretary.

    Starmer leaves Downing Street with a number of notable legislative and policy achievements, including strengthened worker protections, reductions in childhood poverty, and increased defense spending. Even so, maintaining stable, consistent governance proved an uphill battle during his tenure, amid ongoing internal divisions and external pressures.

    As Burnham moves into 10 Downing Street, he carries an inbox full of urgent, unresolved policy files and the defining mission of restoring public faith in politics for a nation that has long craved stability and tangible progress after a decade of constant upheaval.

  • Police search Azruddin Mohamed’s house in “Paper Shorts” murder probe

    Police search Azruddin Mohamed’s house in “Paper Shorts” murder probe

    On Monday, July 20, 2026, Guyana’s national police force confirmed it had carried out a court-authorized search of the home of controversial local businessman Azruddin Mohamed, located in the Friendship community on East Bank Demerara. The operation, which has amplified already high political tensions across the South American nation, was carried out under a search warrant approved by a local magistrate following a review of evidence gathered by investigators, police said in an official public statement.

    While the law enforcement agency did not explicitly name Mohamed in its formal announcement, the businessman’s sister confirmed the search on social media, noting that the raid took place while Mohamed was participating in official recovery efforts for victims of the MV Barima ferry sinking that occurred on the previous Saturday night.

    Police clarified that the search is tied to the ongoing investigation into the 2021 assassination of Ricardo Fagundes, a well-known local figure better known by his nickname “Paper Shorts.” Fagundes was shot dead in broad daylight on Main Street in Georgetown in March 2021, just moments after leaving the popular Palm Court entertainment venue. Shaheen “Roger” Khan, who was with Fagundes immediately before the shooting, has long stated he believes he was the actual intended target of the attack.

    In recent weeks, law enforcement has interviewed multiple persons of interest in the long-stalled Fagundes case, a development that has prompted sharp pushback from Mohamed. The businessman has publicly claimed the investigations are a politically motivated witch hunt, launched by the administration of President Irfaan Ali in retaliation for Mohamed’s earlier public revelations about a multi-acre private farm owned by Ali located along the Linden-Soesdyke Highway.

    The search also adds another layer to the long-running legal troubles facing Mohamed and his family. Azruddin Mohamed and his father, Nazar “Shell” Mohamed, are currently wanted by United States law enforcement authorities to face trial on multiple federal charges including money laundering, wire fraud, and mail fraud connected to their family-owned gold trading enterprise.

    The development comes as Guyana grapples with growing public scrutiny of political corruption and cross-border criminal activity tied to its booming gold sector, with the overlapping investigations expected to deepen political divides in the country ahead of upcoming electoral cycles.

  • Belize Left Off Spain’s Visa-Free List? Foreign Affairs Ministry “Clarifies”

    Belize Left Off Spain’s Visa-Free List? Foreign Affairs Ministry “Clarifies”

    On July 20, 2026, Belize’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (MFAFT) issued an official statement to clear up widespread public confusion sparked by Spain’s recent publication of an updated visa-free travel list for the Schengen Area, which failed to include Belize.

    The MFAFT emphasized that the July 14 list released by Spanish authorities does not represent a new policy change targeting Belize. Instead, it is merely a consolidated restatement of long-standing visa exemption rules already codified in European Union Regulation 2018/1806, which has kept Belize excluded from the Schengen visa-free regime since the regulation took effect. All decisions on visa exemption status for non-EU countries are made collectively by all EU member states, not unilaterally by any single national government, the ministry noted.

    For Belize to gain full visa-free access to the entire Schengen Area, a formal amendment to existing EU-level legislation is required. This legislative process is entirely separate from domestic announcements individual member states like Spain issue to update their own public travel guidance, the statement explained.

    According to the MFAFT, Belize has pursued full Schengen visa waiver status for Belizean nationals through years of sustained diplomatic lobbying, targeted at both Spanish authorities and EU governing institutions. That long-term effort already delivered a major breakthrough in November 2025, when EU officials approved a new arrangement that allows Belizean citizens holding valid biometric passports to obtain multiple-entry Schengen visas valid for up to five years.

    The ministry framed that 2025 reform as a meaningful step forward that has significantly streamlined travel for Belizeans visiting Spain and other Schengen Area countries for a wide range of purposes, including business trips, leisure tourism, educational exchanges, and family visits. The new regime represents a substantial improvement over the stricter, more restrictive visa rules that were in place before the 2025 agreement, the statement added.

    The nine CARICOM member states that are included on Spain’s updated visa-free list, all of which already hold full Schengen visa exemption under existing EU rules, are Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago.

    The 27-country Schengen Area, which allows for free movement across internal borders between participating European states, counts Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland among its current members.

    In closing, the MFAFT reaffirmed that it will continue advancing Belize’s request for full visa-free access through all appropriate diplomatic channels, with the goal of securing the legislative change needed to fully remove the visa requirement for all Belizean travelers.

  • STATEMENT: Electoral office responds to ‘false claims’ about voter confirmation procedures

    STATEMENT: Electoral office responds to ‘false claims’ about voter confirmation procedures

    False claims circulating across social media platforms over the weekend have prompted an official response from the country’s Electoral Office, which is moving swiftly to refute allegations that third parties can complete voter confirmation for absent electors by presenting their documents alone.

    In a public statement released to counter the growing spread of unsubstantiated misinformation, Chief Election Officer Anthea Joseph’s office categorically denied that such a practice is allowed or even possible under the jurisdiction’s current voter confirmation framework. The office emphasized that the entire system has been built with layered security safeguards explicitly designed to require the in-person physical presence of every elector seeking confirmation.

    To illustrate the rigid checks built into the process, Electoral Office officials outlined the mandatory workflow that all electors must complete. When an elector arrives at a confirmation center, their personal identifying information is first entered into the official digital system. Next, a live photograph of the elector is captured on-site, and the individual is required to provide a personal electronic signature via a dedicated signature capture pad. Critical procedural blocks are coded directly into the system: the confirmation application cannot be marked as complete until both the on-site photograph and the unique electronic signature have been successfully recorded.

    Because of these non-negotiable procedural requirements, the office confirmed that it is structurally impossible for a third party to finalize voter confirmation for another person without that elector being physically present at the center. The Electoral Office has formally rejected the false information that has spread through social media channels, and moved to reassure the general public that all official confirmation centers are adhering strictly to the prescribed regulatory procedures at all times.

    Beyond this immediate denial, the office offered a second guarantee to voters: comprehensive on-site supervision and oversight are being implemented at every confirmation location to protect the integrity of the entire voter confirmation process. Officials noted that the Electoral Office remains fully committed to upholding the requirements laid out in the Registration of Electors Act and all established administrative protocols for voter confirmation.

    In closing, the office issued a public appeal urging all community members to cross-check any claims related to electoral procedures through the Electoral Office’s official communication channels, rather than relying on unvetted social media posts. The statement also encouraged voters to avoid sharing unconfirmed allegations, which can mislead electors and erode public trust in the integrity of the region’s electoral system.

  • Suriname heeft wel een wettelijke regeling voor ‘fiscale ringfencing’ bij O&G-contractors

    Suriname heeft wel een wettelijke regeling voor ‘fiscale ringfencing’ bij O&G-contractors

    On July 17, 2026, legal expert Siegfried G. Kenswil LLM published an opinion piece titled ‘The Contract That Underpins Suriname’s Oil Era’, where he introduced his book *The Surinamese Production Sharing Contract*. While Kenswil’s piece is overall a valuable read for stakeholders in Suriname’s growing oil and gas sector, one key claim he made requires critical nuance to prevent unnecessary confusion and conflict between the Surinamese government, specifically the tax authority, and oil and gas contractors and their advisors.

    The contentious claim centers on Kenswil’s assertion that the so-called ring fence outlined in Suriname’s Production Sharing Contracts (PSC) is purely a contractual cost-recovery mechanism, and that no statutory fiscal ring fence – which limits tax deduction eligibility to individual fields or contracts – currently exists in Surinamese tax law. Kenswil further argues that introducing such a framework would require legislative action, and applying it retroactively to existing contracts would violate state guarantees of legal certainty and policy stability.

    However, Kenswil’s opinion does not clearly outline the legal basis for his claim that Suriname lacks a statutory fiscal ringfencing regime. This gap risks leading readers to the incorrect conclusion that Suriname has no existing legal rules governing ringfencing for income tax collection from oil and gas contractors. In fact, the opposite is true: Suriname has held a clear legal basis for fiscal ringfencing since the 1990 Petroleum Act, specifically in Article 19.

    Article 19 of the 1990 Petroleum Act mandates that any contractor carrying out operations under a petroleum PSC in Suriname must establish a dedicated local office for each individual agreement, and register this office in compliance with national regulations. Article 11 of the same Act confirms that this requirement applies to every petroleum agreement a contractor enters into. This means contractors are legally obligated to set up separate registered entities for every PSC they sign in Suriname.

    This mandatory separation of entities carries direct implications for income taxation. A local office of a foreign contractor typically takes one of two legal forms: a local branch or a wholly-owned local subsidiary. Both structures are required to register with the Suriname Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KKF) and register as distinct taxpayers with the Surinamese Tax Administration. A branch of a foreign enterprise is formally classified as a permanent establishment for Surinamese income tax purposes, falling under local tax jurisdiction.

    Depending on the legal structure chosen, the separate office is classified as either a non-resident taxpayer (for branch structures) or a resident taxpayer (for subsidiary structures) for income tax purposes. Since each PSC corresponds to a single legally defined exploration or production block, this separation requires that income tax assessments are conducted separately for each block. As a result, costs accrued from one block cannot automatically be deducted against revenues generated from a separate block. Through this provision in the 1990 Petroleum Act, Suriname’s legislature already embedded fiscal ringfencing into the regulatory framework for oil and gas contractors.

    This statutory requirement is also explicitly reflected in Suriname’s standard model PSC, confirming that both contractors and the state have long recognized the application of fiscal ringfencing. Article 19.2.1 of the model PSC outlines which revenues and costs are counted when calculating a contractor’s taxable income. For eligible costs, the rule specifies that only expenses linked to or arising from the PSC for the specific block in question can be counted, whether they qualify for cost recovery or not. By signing a PSC containing this clause, contractors voluntarily agree to abide by this ringfencing framework.

    In conclusion, this clarification makes clear that fiscal ringfencing for oil and gas contractors in Suriname already holds full legal grounding under existing law. When the Surinamese Tax Administration applies ringfencing to assess income tax from oil and gas contractors, no additional legislative action is required. This application does not breach existing contracts, nor does it violate legal certainty or the state stability guarantees outlined in State Decree S.B. 2018 No. 52.

    By Roy Shyamnarain, Fiscal and Legal Advisor based in Paramaribo