Diabetes, traditionally viewed as an adult health concern, is increasingly affecting children, prompting medical experts to address its causes, symptoms, and management strategies. Dr. Leonardo Akan, a pediatric endocrinologist, highlights the critical role of insulin in regulating blood sugar levels. Insulin, a hormone, facilitates the uptake of sugar by cells, ensuring balanced glucose levels and storing excess sugar for future use. Disruptions in this system can lead to diabetes mellitus (DM), with Type 1 and Type 2 being the most common forms in children.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, necessitating insulin replacement. Genetic predisposition, viral infections, dietary factors, and geographic location (linked to vitamin D levels) can trigger this condition. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is often associated with obesity, poor diet, sedentary lifestyles, and genetic or ethnic factors. Certain ethnic groups, including African, Hispanic, Indian, and Asian populations, are at higher risk, as are children born to mothers with gestational diabetes or obesity.
Symptoms of diabetes in children include frequent urination, increased thirst, weight loss, fatigue, headaches, and blurry vision. Severe symptoms like fruity-smelling breath, rapid breathing, or confusion may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening emergency requiring immediate medical attention. Diagnosis involves blood sugar tests, urine tests, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1C tests.
Once diagnosed, children should be referred to specialized healthcare teams for comprehensive management. Dr. Akan emphasizes the importance of parental support, encouraging self-care, open communication, and maintaining routines. Dietitian Dana Chong stresses the need for balanced meals with consistent carbohydrate intake to stabilize blood sugar levels, especially for children on insulin.
Dr. Akan advises parents to educate themselves about diabetes care, empowering them to make informed health decisions for their children. Healthy living, including proper nutrition and physical activity, is essential for effective diabetes management.