A profound gender disparity continues to plague global Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education systems and workforce participation, with UNESCO data revealing women comprise merely 35% of STEM graduates worldwide—a statistic unchanged for over ten years. The Latin America and Caribbean region demonstrates even more pronounced inequality, where despite women constituting 60% of tertiary graduates, they represent less than 40% of STEM professionals, with particularly low representation in engineering (under 31%) and information technology (14%).
The roots of this systemic exclusion trace to deep-seated cultural narratives that stereotype STEM as masculine domains. In patriarchal societies worldwide, girls face discouragement from technical subjects and are frequently steered toward ‘softer’ academic pursuits. Afghanistan presents the most extreme case, where approximately 2.2 million girls are systematically denied education beyond primary level under official prohibition.
According to OECD analyses of Latin American and Caribbean nations, gendered career expectations emerge early, with only 14% of girls anticipating STEM occupations compared to 26% of boys. This gap manifests in confidence disparities, with just 27% of girls expressing mathematical confidence versus 45% of boys. Domestic responsibilities further disadvantage female students, with adolescent girls in countries like Bolivia, Guatemala and Nicaragua dedicating 3-4 hours daily to care work—significantly more than their male counterparts.
Professional environments introduce additional barriers including gender pay gaps, limited advancement opportunities, and frequently hostile workplace cultures. Historical erasure of female contributions has perpetuated the perception of STEM as male-dominated territory, with women currently constituting just one-third of scientific researchers globally.
The United Nations designated February 11 as International Day of Women and Girls in Science to promote gender parity in scientific fields. The 2026 observance focuses on ‘Synergizing AI, Social Science, STEM and Finance: Building Inclusive Futures for Women and Girls,’ highlighting the critical need to integrate artificial intelligence with interdisciplinary approaches to accelerate sustainable development.
Education reformers emphasize that comprehensive policy frameworks must address funding shortages, mentorship gaps, and institutional barriers. Successful interventions include visibility campaigns featuring accomplished female scientists, school outreach programs, early exposure to constructive play activities, and laboratory access initiatives. Creating inclusive environments where women and girls can drive innovation remains essential for both gender equity and scientific progress.